Aretaic Ethics 德性伦理 VS Deotic Ethics 道义伦理
The Basics of Aretaic and Deontic EthicsAretaic comes from the ancient Greek word "arête" 美德, which means goodness, excellence of function or virtue*. Aretaic ethics, sometimes called virtue ethics 美德伦理学, emphasizes 强调 character性格over actions or consequences后果. Deontic 道义(or deontology道义论) comes from the ancient Greek word "deon" meaning obligation 义务/ tanggungjawab or duty 责任/tugas. Like aretaic ethics, deontic ethics puts consequences second but emphasizes duty over character as a basis for determining action.
Aretaic ethics asks the question, "What sort of person should I be?" It defines virtues** and says right acts are those that are performed by virtuous people有德的人, regardless of the consequences 不管后果.
Deontic ethics asks: "What should I do, and what should I not do?" Right and wrong depend upon a set of principles based on human reason or a religious platform, such as The Ten Commandments***十诫. Doing the right thing is more important than its consequences. In some cases, however, dire consequences 可怕后果 may result from acting purely out of duty纯粹是出于责任, in which case Kantian**** absolutism 康德的绝对主义 may need to be abandoned in favor of "threshold deontology," where the mitigation of wrong consequences becomes more important than strict adherence 严格遵守 to duty.
* virtuous mean having or showing high moral standards. 有道德
**virtues mean behavior showing high moral standards. 美德
*** The Ten Commandments 十诫 also known as the Decalogue, are a set of commandments which the Bible describes as having been given to the Israelites by God at biblical Mount Sinai. The Ten Commandments are listed twice in the Hebrew Bible, first at Exodus 20:1–17, and then at Deuteronomy 5:4–21. Both versions state that God inscribed them on two stone tablets, which he gave to Moses. In the New Testament, the Ten Commandments are clearly attributed to Moses.
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